- 5Characteristics and uses by nation
- 5.5United Kingdom
- 6Generic characteristics and uses
- 7Environmental and ecological issues
Formation[edit]
Download Play For 3ds
Types of peat material[edit]
Peatlands distribution[edit]
General characteristics and uses[edit]
Characteristics and uses by nation[edit]
Finland[edit]
Ireland[edit]
Russia[edit]
The Netherlands[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
England[edit]
Northern Ireland[edit]
Scotland[edit]
Generic characteristics and uses[edit]
Agriculture[edit]
Freshwater aquaria[edit]
Water filtration[edit]
Balneotherapy[edit]
Peat archives[edit]
Peat hags[edit]
Environmental and ecological issues[edit]
Peat drainage[edit]
2), which is released into the atmosphere.[61] The global CO
2 emissions from drained peatlands have increased from 1,058 Mton in 1990 to 1,298 Mton in 2008 (a 20% increase). This increase has particularly taken place in developing countries, of which Indonesia, China, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea are the fastest-growing top emitters. This estimate excludes emissions from peat fires (conservative estimates amount to at least 4,000 Mton/CO
2-eq./yr for south-east Asia). With 174 Mton/CO
2-eq./yr the EU is after Indonesia (500 Mton) and before Russia (161 Mton) the world's second-largest emitter of drainage-related peatland CO
2 (excl. extracted peat and fires). Total CO
2 emissions from the worldwide 500,000 km2 of degraded peatland may exceed 2.0 Gtons (including emissions from peat fires) which is almost 6% of all global carbon emissions.[62]
Download Play For 3ds
Peat fires[edit]
Download Play Free Browser
Wise use and protection[edit]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^Supported by the 'Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DGIS) under the [www.wetlands.org/projects/GPI/default.htm Global Peatland Initiative], managed by Wetlands International in co-operation with the IUCN – Netherlands Committee, Alterra, the International Mire Conservation Group and the International Peatland Society.'
References[edit]
- ^ abJoosten, Hans; Clarke, Donal (2002). Wise Use of Mires and Peatlands: Background and Principles including a Framework for Decision-Making(PDF) (Report). Totnes, Devon. ISBN951-97744-8-3.
- ^ abcHugron, Sandrine; Bussières, Julie; Rochefort, Line (2013). Tree plantations within the context of ecological restoration of peatlands: practical guide(PDF) (Report). Laval, Québec, Canada: Peatland Ecology Research Group (PERG). Retrieved 22 February 2014.
- ^'Peatlands and climate change'. IUCN. 2017-11-06. Retrieved 2019-08-16.
- ^Walker, M.D. 2019. Sphagnum; the biology of a habitat manipulator. Sicklebrook publishing, Sheffield, U.K.
- ^Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p. Chapter 1.
- ^ abGorham, E (1957). 'The development of peatlands'. Quarterly Review of Biology. 32: 145–66. doi:10.1086/401755.
- ^Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 497 pp. 323–25
- ^World Energy Council (2007). 'Survey of Energy Resources 2007'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2008-09-10. Retrieved 2008-08-11.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help) - ^'Is coal still being formed today?'. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ^ abKeddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, UK. Cambridge. 497 p. Chapter 7.
- ^'Archived copy'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2012-09-09.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^'Archived copy'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2013-06-11.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-07.htm Today's primary sources of energy are mainly non-renewable: natural gas, oil, coal, peat, and conventional nuclear power. There are also renewable sources, including wood, plants, dung, falling water, geothermal sources, solar, tidal, wind, and wave energy, as well as human and animal muscle-power. Nuclear reactors that produce their own fuel ('breeders') and eventually fusion reactors are also in this category.
- ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2013-06-10.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^'Archived copy'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2013-06-11.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^The CO2 emission factor of peat fuelArchived 2010-07-07 at the Wayback Machine. Imcg.net. Retrieved on 2011-05-09.
- ^Walker, M.D. 2019. Sphagnum: the biology of a habitat manipulator. Sicklebrook Press. 978-0-359-41313-3
- ^Vitt, D.H., L.A. Halsey and B.J. Nicholson. 2005. The Mackenzie River basin. pp. 166–202 in L.H. Fraser and P.A. Keddy (eds.). The World's Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 488 p.
- ^Zicheng Yu, Julie Loisel, Daniel P. Brosseau, David W. Beilman, Stephanie J. Hunt. 2010. Global peatland dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol 37, L13402
- ^'5. CLASSIFICATION'. www.fao.org. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
- ^IUCN UK Commission of Inquiry on PeatlandsArchived 2014-03-07 at the Wayback Machine Full Report, IUCN UK Peatland Programme October 2011
- ^ abFraser, L.H. Fraser and P.A. Keddy (eds.). 2005. The World's Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 488 p. and P.A. Keddy (eds.). 2005. The World’s Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 488 p.
- ^'Waspada Online'. Waspada Online. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ^'World Energy Resources: Peat – World Energy Council 2013'(PDF). Volcano Wood Fuels. World Energy Council. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
- ^https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bog
- ^Renewable energy sources and peat, Ministry of Trade and Industry of Finland, last updated: 04.07.2005
- ^[1]Archived July 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^The CO2 emission factor of peat fuelArchived 2010-07-07 at the Wayback Machine. Imcg.net. Retrieved on 2011-05-09.
- ^VTT 2004: Wood in peat fuel – impact on the reporting of greenhouse gas emissions according to IPCC guidelines[permanent dead link]
- ^'Suoseura – Finnish Peatland Society'. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help) - ^Serghey Stelmakovich. 'Russia institutes peat fire prevention program'. Archived from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved August 9, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help) - ^ abMacDermott M (September 9, 2009). 'Russia plans mining peat environmental disaster'. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
- ^'2007 Survey of Energy Resources'(PDF). World Energy Council 2007. 2007. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-04-09. Retrieved 2011-01-23.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help) - ^'Peat: Useful Resource or Hazard?'. Russian Geographical Society. August 10, 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
- ^Joosten, Hans; Tanneberger, Franziska; Moen, Asbjørn. 2017. Mires and peatlands of Europe. Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany. 780 p. Chapter 'Netherlands'.
- ^https://thg.verloren.nl/_file/144791/Borger_G.J._-_De_Achtermeer_bij_Alkmaar,_de_oudste_droogmakerij._-_jaargang_2004-2.pdf
- ^Schiermeier, Quirin (5 July 2010). 'Few fishy facts found in climate report'. Nature. 466 (170): 170. doi:10.1038/466170a. PMID20613812.
- ^'Milieurekeningen 2008' (PDF). Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
- ^https://www.aqua-calc.com/page/density-table
- ^CBS, https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/81268ned/table?dl=2378F
- ^'Somerset Peat Paper – Issues consultation for the Minerals Core Strategy'(PDF). Somerset County Council. September 2009. p. 7. Archived from the original(PDF) on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help) - ^[2], Dartmoor history
- ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-27.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^Walker, M. D. Sphagnum. Sicklebrook Press. ISBN978-0-359-41313-3
- ^'Peatlands Park ASSI'. NI Environment Agency. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
- ^'Peat and Its Significance in Whisky'. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ^'Octomore 5 Years 03.1'. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ^'Peat-free compost at Kew'. RBG Kew. 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-09-16. Retrieved 2011-06-24.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^Scheurmann, Ines (1985). Natural Aquarium Handbook, The. (trans. for Barron's Educational Series, Hauppauge, New York: 2000). Munich, Germany: Gräfe & Unzer GmbH.
- ^International Peatland Society[permanent dead link] Peat Balneology, Medicine and Therapeutics
- ^Godwin, Sir Harry (1981). The archives of the peat bogs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ abRydin, Håkan; Jeglum, John K. (18 July 2013) [8 Jun 2006]. The Biology of Peatlands. Biology of Habitats (2 ed.). University of Oxford Press. p. 400. ISBN0198528728.
- ^Keddy, P.A. (2010), Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2 ed.), Cambridge, UK.: Cambridge University Press, pp. 323–325
- ^Birks, Harry John Betteley; Birks, Hilary H. (2004) [1980]. Quaternary Palaeoecology. Blackburn Press. pp. 289 pages.
- ^Biester, Harald; Bindler, Richard (2009), Modelling Past Mercury Deposition from Peat Bogs – The Influence of Peat Structure and 210Pb Mobility(PDF), Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute, retrieved 21 October 2014
- ^'Archived copy'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-10-22.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^'Modeling the downward transport of 210Pb in mires and repercussions on the deriv'. Bibcode:2013EGUGA.1511054O.Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) - ^ abPeat HagsArchived 2016-07-12 at the Wayback Machine at www.yppartnership.org.uk, website of the Yorkshire Peat Partnership. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
- ^MacDonald, Glen M.; Beilman, David W.; Kremenetski, Konstantine V.; Sheng, Yongwei; Smith, Laurence C. & Velichko, Andrei A. (2006). 'Rapid early development of circumarctic peatlands and atmospheric CH4 and CO2 variations'. Science. 314 (5797): 285–288. Bibcode:2006Sci..314.285M. doi:10.1126/science.1131722.
- ^Mitchell, Carla P. J.; Branfireun, Brian A. & Kolka, Randall K. (2008). 'Spatial Characteristics of Net Methylmercury Production Hot Spots in Peatlands'(PDF). Environmental Science and Technology. American Chemical Society. 42 (4): 1010–1016. Bibcode:2008EnST..42.1010M. doi:10.1021/es0704986. Archived(PDF) from the original on 31 October 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help) - ^Content from Wetlands.org, Wetlands International | Peatlands and CO2 Emissions
- ^Wetlands.org[permanent dead link], The Global Peat CO2 Picture, Wetlands International and Greifswald University, 2010
- ^Michael Kevin Smith. 'Meadowview Biological Research Station – Preserving and Restoring Pitcher Plant Bogs'. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ^'New lily species found in eastern N.C. Sandhills'. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ^http://www.dmr.state.ms.us/Coastal-Ecology/preserves/plants/grasses-sedges-rushes/toothache-grass/toothache-grass.htm[permanent dead link]
- ^Lim, XiaoZhi. 'Vast Peat Fires Threaten Health and Boost Global Warming'. Scientific American. Retrieved 2019-08-16.
- ^'Asian peat fires add to warming'. BBC News. 2005-09-03. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^Joel S. Levine (31 December 1999). Wildland fires and the environment: a global synthesis. UNEP/Earthprint. ISBN978-92-807-1742-6. Retrieved 9 May 2011.web linkArchived 2005-09-02 at the Wayback Machine
- ^Cat Lazaroff, Indonesian Wildfires Accelerated Global Warming, Environment News Service
- ^Fred Pearce Massive peat burn is speeding climate change, New Scientist, 6 November 2004
- ^'Florida Everglades'. U.S. Geological Survey. 15 January 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
- ^Fenton, Nicole; Lecomte, Nicolas; Légaré, Sonia & Bergeron, Yves (2005). 'Paludification in black spruce (Picea mariana) forests of eastern Canada: Potential factors and management implications'. Forest Ecology and Management. 213 (1–3): 151–159. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2005.03.017.
- ^'Fog from peat fires blankets Moscow amid heat wave'. BBC. 26 July 2010.
- ^'Russia begins to localize fires, others rage'. Associated Press. 30 July 2010.
- ^Thanks to climate change, parts of the Arctic are on fire. Scientists are concerned
- ^'Unprecedented': more than 100 Arctic wildfires burn in worst ever season
- ^Cormier, Zoe. 'Why the Arctic is smouldering'. www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2019-08-28.
- ^Turetsky, Merritt R.; Benscoter, Brian; Page, Susan; Rein, Guillermo; van der Werf, Guido R.; Watts, Adam (2014-12-23). 'Global vulnerability of peatlands to fire and carbon loss'. Nature Geoscience. 8 (1): 11–14. doi:10.1038/ngeo2325. ISSN1752-0894.
External links[edit]
The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of: Peat and coal |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peat. |
Look up peat in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Wikisource has the text of The New Student's Reference Work article 'Peat'. |
- Cutover and Cutaway bogs from IPCC
- Gardening without peat information supplied by Kew gardens in London
- Peat-free gardens from the RSPB
- Massive peat burn is speeding climate change From The New Scientist
- King Class Torf in Turkey
PEAT by PDF Download
|